The opinions of Mill and Kant

Mill’s utilitarianism on Kant and Baxter’s argumentsIn John Stuart Mill’s contentions for utilitarianism, it tends to be seen that his idea of that which is â€Å"good† compares to the expansion of utility, or the advancement of the best joy for the best number. Further, Mill keeps up that correct activities are those that basically advance joy while then again activities that outcome to the opposite of bliss aren't right actions.At this point, it ought to be noticed that Mill is contending for the centrality of a type of consequentialism in his origination of activities and their subsequent good worth. That is, the ethical worth or estimation of the activities of man can be evaluated through the very outcomes that they give rise to.As human lead is basically coordinated by the journey for satisfaction or utility, Mill expounds further that the exceptionally mandate of men to obtain joy doesn't allude to singular joy or the joy of every individual taken in dependently yet rather to the aggregate bliss or the joy for the best number of individuals. Among the various potential indications of such joy that might be seen, he further contends that the best joy is to be looked for after in association with the best number of people. Starting here, we are to break down the contentions raised by Immanuel Kant and William Baxter on the part of reasonable operators compared with the issue of pollution.Both Kant and Baxter resort to the case that men as balanced specialists ought to involve the focal job in moral contemplations. Before Baxter, Kant has just kept up that people, as operators instilled with and the ability to reason, ought not be treated as the way to conceivable or given finishes. Or maybe what Kant unequivocally proposes is that people ought to be considered as the very closures themselves throughout the activities of each person. Then again, Baxter emphatically contends in accordance with the Kantian solution for the demonstrat ions of man. That is, man’s activities ought to be what will be what one should do.Mill will in all probability disclose to us that Baxter’s ends don't in the long run advance the best bliss for the best number of individuals in the quick outcomes of man’s activities towards the earth. Mill’s utilitarian standards will keep up that Baxter’s ends on the extent of ecological morals simply endorse what men should do.This solution, when applied to a few natural issues, for example, man’s chasing for uncommon creatures for the helpful estimations of their body parts, will in all likelihood denounce the given model and other related occasions. Notwithstanding, Mill will contend that, since the social occasion of the body portions of such an uncommon creature will undoubtedly add to the advancement and inevitable satisfaction of the best number of individuals, the demonstration in itself is a correct demonstration. The obvious outcomes of such an a ctivity are considered with the best measure of legitimacy in arranging such activity as ethically right.For the most part, Mill may have rather contended for the case that regardless of whether contamination turns into an aftereffect of the activities of man towards his condition, these equivalent moves ought to be made on the off chance that it advances the best level of satisfaction for the best number of people as its consequence.Mill’s contentions can't in any capacity straightforwardly bolster and maintain the moral rules set out by both Kant and Baxter in looking for the best possible direct for the norm of the environment.Mill’s utilitarianism on Carr’s â€Å"Is Business Bluffing Ethical?†One basic component of the utilitarian moral precept is that its ethical perspective lays solidly on the results of the activities made. That is, an activity is then to be ordered as either positive or negative contingent upon the outcome or aftereffect of the ac tivity planned. Be that as it may, what separates the utilitarian standards from other moral or good fundamental is that the previous further qualifies the result of the activities as great regarding most extreme advantages gave by the deed.In a sense, a decent activity, at that point, is one which has expanded advantages or preferences not to oneself at the same time, more significantly, to the most number of people also at long last. Along these lines, fundamentally, such precept of utilitarianism can be quickly summed up as one that tries to build up â€Å"the most prominent useful for the best number.In receiving the standards being gone ahead by utilitarianism one is slanted to grasp the conviction that the government assistance of the greater part is being taken with most extreme concern and that, corresponding to such part of utilitarianism, the best satisfaction or the advantage of the most number of individuals is viewed as sufficiently fitting to additionally acknowledge the moral hypothesis of utilitarianism. The relative outcomes in receiving these standards feature an association with the cutting edge world since the government assistance of the lion's share instead of the individual is regarded to exceed individual motives.Thus, the degree of Mill’s origination of the utilitarian tenet will immovably hold that business feigning is moral insofar as it advances the benefit of the dominant part through the best great such an activity can produce.For example, when organization administrators are entrusted to oversee dealings or exchanges with individual officials, clients, government specialists, work gatherings, or the division leaders of a similar organization the administrators work in, they can fall back on numerous types of double dealing. The demonstration of deluding these â€Å"other† individuals as far as its virtue can be dissected through the evident results such a lead can make materialize.Especially in cases wherein the de stiny of the entire organization or the status of the whole structure of the line of workers is in question, business feigning is considered right if and just on the off chance that it can support the government assistance of the general individuals from the organization as its quick consequence.Or even in the littlest of the offices in a business foundation, the overall increases of that little unit when taken in general ought to be reason enough, at any rate in Mill’s utilitarian methodology, to seek after activities that will guarantee the best gains for the best number in that division. These activities, thus, are qualified as moral and, consequently, directly under the utilitarian point of view similarly as Carr’s idea on the degree of situations where the business â€Å"player† resorts to feigning is concerned.On the other hand, the degree where Mill will repudiate Carr’s proposition for trickery lays on the circumstance wherein feigning doesn't adv ance the general government assistance however rather progresses the individual points of the official. In such cases, regardless of whether there are certain ramifications for the specialist, the way that the overall additions of the agent for his own conflicts with the utilitarian standard of the boost of the great. It disregards the vital piece of utilitarianism that recommends activities which guarantees the facilitation of the government assistance of the majority.Thus, such a case is basically unscrupulous because of the fact that it isn't directly to the extent the fundamentals of utilitarianism are concerned.Kant’s moral hypothesis on DeJardins and Duska’s â€Å"Drug Testing in Employment†In request to break down DeJardins and Duska’s asserts in the article, a comprehension of Kantian morals should initially be noted. Kantian morals can be generally begun with the assumption that on the off chance that we are to carefully follow the statement that the objective of the lives of men is the fulfillment of bliss all in all, at that point each individual will in all likelihood be slanted to look for individual delight to show up at happiness.Nevertheless, the accomplishment of joy isn't altogether inside the human limit and that its reality can be deciphered as an issue of chance that relies essentially upon the changing limits of man. No widespread confirmation on the fulfillment of bliss would then be able to be seen. Thusly, by attempting to expel skepticism and agnosticism and by permitting the moral standards of man to involve the activities of all, it is important for these moral regulations to be genuine to such an extent that there ought to be no special cases and all inclusive as in these principles ought to be pertinent to each human being.Kant continues with his concept of the cooperative attitude by characterizing it as a will that works for obligation and as a â€Å"good-in-itself†. Generally, the idea of obli gation is integral to the moral statutes of Kant which he respects vital by considering the distinction that abide between activities as per obligation and activities performed for obligation. For Kant, the last expression is the one in particular that bears moral worth suggesting a more noteworthy good worth in man’s activities that outcome from a person’s more prominent unwillingness to act simply for obligation. That is, if an individual is inspired to do a specific demonstration essentially in light of the fact that one is completely disposed to do such a demonstration, at that point the demonstration itself is viewed as deprived of good worth.Duty for Kant is the certainty or need of working out of a severe perception for laws that are widespread. Therefore, the value or estimation of the activity done by the person as far as good statutes is basically drawn from the expectation of the activity along these lines focusing on the substance of the activities as far a s plan as huge. This substance can be additionally communicated in two habits. The primary expresses that there are sayings or objectives that specify that there are acts dependent on the wants of the person. This is the thing that Kant calls the theoretical goal. Then again, those which depend on reason and not simply reliant on one’s wants have a place with the clear cut objective. The last sort manages what should be done.All these can be generally transposed and summed up into Kant’s origination o

The CPI and WWI

The CPI and WWI 1TranQuan TranHistory 2302The CPI and WWIWhen thinking back on the United States' history, one element stands apart the most: the U.S. was engaged with a great deal of wars. All through the twentieth century, the United States ended up in a few significant wars. World War I was the first of those significant wars. During World War I, numerous officers were abroad battling the Central Powers, while a great part of the American open sat weakly on the home front. Woodrow Wilson saw the potential help that the individuals at home could give, so he thought of an approach to revitalize those unused possibilities. So as to pick up help from the individuals at home, President Woodrow Wilson built up the Committee on Public Information and selected George Creel as the administrator of the board. All through the war, the Committee on Public Information made and dispersed numerous banners about the war that were effective in picking up the help of the public.This bolster assumed a significant j ob in the Allies' triumph of World War I.The Committee on Public Information, or CPI, was set up during mid-April 1917 and was going by George Creel (134). George Creel was functioning as a columnist when he was designated by Woodrow Wilson as the leader of the Committee on Public Information. As per Creel, the Committee on Public Information was made to battle for the decision of humanity (135). He accepted the job of the board of trustees was to advise the general population regarding the explanation behind the United States' activities abroad. Creel felt that the war was not battled in France alone, yet in addition must be battled at home in the United States (135). The most powerful approach to get individuals at home associated with the war was by utilizing publicity, such...

Signs and Symptoms of Bulimia in Teenagers

Signs and Symptoms of Bulimia in Teenagers Eating Disorders Symptoms Print Signs and Symptoms of Bulimia in Teenagers By Kathryn Rudlin, LCSW Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on February 27, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 22, 2019 More in Eating Disorders Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention Bulimia nervosa is a type of eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating followed by behavior to compensate for the excessive amount of food consumed. This can include purging, fasting, over-exercising or the abuse of laxatives and diuretics to prevent gaining weight. The cycle of overeating and then purging can become compulsive, in some ways similar to an addiction to drugs. Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell   Incidence of Bulimia in Teens The prevalence of bulimia cases in young females is estimated to be around 1 percent to 1.5 percent. However, a European study found the expression of the core symptoms of anorexia and bulimia to be present in up to 12 percent of females over the course of their lifetimes. Most people who have bulimia are female, but males can certainly struggle with this disorder. In fact, there is likely an underreporting of the condition, especially in males. This eating disorder can be triggered by stress, ineffective dieting, or as an attempt to deal with painful emotions or impaired body image. Purging behaviors make bulimia very harmful to the body. If you have any concerns your teen may be suffering from bulimia seek a professional evaluation from a physician or mental health professional. Signs  and Seeking Help Early intervention improves the chances for a teens successful recovery from an eating disorder. It may be hard to face the signs of bulimia in your teen, but its important to be vigilant in ensuring your childs eating patterns are normal. It may be helpful for you and your teen to talk with your teens primary care physician about eating disorders, the signs you may be noticing, and potential ways to help. Bulimia Discussion Guide Get our printable guide for your next doctors appointment to help you ask the right questions. Download PDF There is cause for concern if you witness one or more of the following symptoms of bulimia: Eating a significantly larger amount of food in a limited period of time than most people would typically eat, known as bingeing.Feeling unable to control or stop eating once a binge starts.Continuing to eat even if feeling uncomfortably full.Expressing frequent concerns about body weight or shape.Experiencing feelings of guilt, shame or anxiety after eating.Purging food from the body after overeating to avoid gaining weight and as an attempt to regain a sense of control.Skipping meals or going on extreme diets to make up for bingeing behaviors.Extreme fear of gaining weight.Using breath mints to cover up after vomiting.Unreasonably discontent with body size or shape.Abnormal or abusive use of diet pills or diuretics over time for weight control.Spending lots of time in the bathroom, usually throwing up.Excessive exercise, at inappropriate times or settings, or even when sick or injured. The Impact of Bulimia on Troubled Teens Bulimia can have a devastating impact on teens. Its important to educate yourself and your teen about the harmful effects of bulimia on the body, mind, and soul. While a full recovery from the physical effects of bulimia can be had, the mental and emotional effects can last a lifetime. Here are the major health consequences of bulimia: Mineral or electrolyte imbalancesAbnormal bowel functionDestruction of tooth enamelBroken blood vessels in the eyesAnemiaBecoming moody or depressedSubstance abuseHormone problemsDizzinessFatigueRupturing in the esophageal wall due to vomitingCardiac arrestDeath Criteria for Bulimia Diagnosis

The Legal Drinking Age At The United States Of America

Vinny Messina Professor Newell ENC 1102 03 May 2015 Time to Look at the Facts There have been many recent debates on the subject of the legal age to drink alcoholic beverages in the United States of America. Some otherwise intelligent people want to lower the legal drinking age to eighteen rather than keep it at twenty-one, the current federally mandated drinking age. In Time Magazine Mary Cary, author of Time to Lower the Drinking Age, puts forth the position that lowering the drinking age would actually be beneficial to society. Though lowering the drinking age to eighteen may lead to solutions to underage drinking, many other, more dangerous issues may arise from teenagers who begin to drink earlier in life; this is the greater matter that and it should not be overlooked on this issue. According to Mary Cary, lowering the drinking age would not increase drunk driving and the deaths associated with it. 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Many American wants the U.S. government to minimize the drinking legal (MLDA) from 21 to 18 so they will be similar to other countries around t he world that allowed people to drink at the age of 18. DavidRead MoreDrinking Culture and American Social Norms1318 Words   |  6 PagesSPEECH #3 – PERSUASIVE SPEECH Name: DANIEL C. DILIGENT Title: Lowering the Legal Drinking Age Specific Purpose: To argue in favor of lowering the minimum legal drinking age in the United States. Thesis Statement: I will discuss 1) the current legal drinking age, 2) the effect that this drinking age has upon American social norms, and 3) the potential benefits of a lower drinking age. I. INTRODUCTION A. Hook: Alcohol is ever-present in today’s American society. Television viewers are constantly bombarded

Health Policy And Bioethics Telehealth And Ethical Issues

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Software Engineering Free Essays

string(42) " technology upgrade project was underway\." SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PROJECT – I INTRODUCTION: The goal of this paper is to analyze about three major software projects namely †¢ The London Ambulance System †¢ The Virtual Case File †¢ The Automatic Baggage System By analyzing these software projects and the software engineering principles followed, the key factors responsible for the software projects failure can be understood. Each of these projects has failed miserable as they didn’t follow proper software engineering principles. In this term paper the following projects have been studied and reason for their failures are identified. We will write a custom essay sample on Software Engineering or any similar topic only for you Order Now Finally there is a comparison off all the three software projects studied. The methodology followed in writing this term paper is reading the following reference materials available in the internet and extracting the key points for the failures of the software projects. The papers referenced for writing the following term paper are 1. H. Goldstein. Who Killed the Virtual Case File? IEEE Spectrum, Sept. 2005, pp. 24–35. 2. Statement of Glenn A. Fine, Inspector General, US Dept. of Justice, 27 July 2005. 3. A. Finkelstein and J. Dowell. A Comedy of Errors: the London Ambulance Service Case Study. 4. Report of the Inquiry into the London Ambulance Service (February 1993), by A. Finkelstein, 5. Richard de Neufville. â€Å"The Baggage System at Denver: Prospects and Lessons,† Journal of Air 6. Barry Shore. â€Å"Systematic Biases and Culture in Project Failures,† Project Management Journal CONCLUSION: The conclusion after studying these three papers, for any software projects the good principles of software engineering should be followed. The software development process should be properly planned with achievable and realistic deadlines. All the three projects had poor planning with unrealistic deadlines. †¢ Great importance should be given to the requirements gathering phase and it should not be changed during the middle of the development †¢ Developers should develop the projects with proper coding standards so that there is no issue during the integration of differe nt modules. †¢ Time critical projects should require critical and solid reasoning as well as good anticipation of problems and perform risk management. The schedule of the software projects should have good portion of time in testing the software product developed. †¢ Finally, as far as possible keep the complexity of the system to manageable levels and tested effectively. LONDON AMBULANCE SYSTEM In October 1992 the Computer Aided Despatch (CAD) system developed by Systems Options was deployed for the London Ambulance System (LAS). The goal of the software system was to automate the process of the ambulance service for the London Ambulance System (LAS) in the city of London, United Kingdom. The implemented project was a major failure due to variety of factors. The Each component of good state of the art has been ignored, each guideline of the Software engineering has ignored by the management and authorities’ neglected basic management principles. The working of the LAS can be summarized as: the system gets request by phone calls and sends ambulance based on nature, availability of resources. The automatic vehicle locating system (AVLS) and mobile data terminals (MDT) was used to perform automatic communication with ambulances. Some of the major reasons for the failure of the London ambulance system can be stated as: †¢ The deadline given for the completion of the project was six months. The project of such big magnitude cannot be completed within a small deadline. †¢ The software was not fully developed and incomplete. The individual modules were tested, but the software was not tested fully as a integrated system. †¢ The resilience of the hardware under a full load condition had not been tested before the deployment of the software. The flash cut over strategy was used to implement the system which was a high risk and moreover it didn’t have any backup systems to revert on failure. †¢ Inappropriate and unjustified assumptions were made during the specification process of the project. Some of the few assumptions that were made are : ? Complete accuracy and reliability of the hardware system. ? Perfect location and status information. ? Cooperation of all operators and ambulance c rew members. †¢ Lack of consultation with the prospective users of the system and subject matter experts. The Software requirement specification was excessively prescriptive, incomplete and not formally signed off. †¢ The London Ambulance system underestimated the difficulties involved in the project during the project blastoff phase. †¢ Inadequate staff training. The crew members were not fully trained on the operation of the new software and their prior experience was not used in the newly developed software. The Report of the Inquiry into the London Ambulance Service by Anthony Finkelstein also gives us more information about the failure of the system. Some of the are listed below as follows: It states that â€Å"the CAD system implemented in 1992 was over ambitious and was developed and implemented against an impossible timetable†. †¢ In addition, the LAS Committee got the wrong impression, that the software contractor had prior experience in emergency systems; this was misleading in awarding the contract to systems options. †¢ Project management throughout the development and implementation process was inadequate and at times ambiguous. A major project like this requires a full time, professional, experience project management which was lacking. The computer system did not fail in a technical sense, the increase in calls on October 26 and 27 1992 was due to unidentified duplicate calls and call backs from the public in response to ambulance delays. †¢ â€Å"On 4th November 1992 the system did fail. This was caused by a minor programming error that caused the system to crash†. VIRTUAL CASE FILE SYSTEM The primary goal of the Virtual case file (VCF) system was to automate the process of FBI paper based work environment, allow agents and intelligence analysts to share vital investigative information, and replace the obsolete Automated Case Support (ACS) system. In ACS tremendous time is spend in processing paperwork, faxing and Fedexing standardized memo. Virtual case file (VCF) system was aimed at centralizing the IT operations and removes the redundancy present in various databases across the FBI system. In September 2000 the FBI Information technology upgrade project was underway. You read "Software Engineering" in category "Essay examples" It was divided into three parts. †¢ The Information Presentation Component †¢ The Transportation Network Component †¢ User Application Component The first part involved distribution of new Dell computers, scanners, printers and servers. The second part would provide secure wide area networks, allowing agents to share information with their supervisors and each other. The third part is the virtual case file. The Virtual Case File system project was awarded to a US government contractor, Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). The FBI used cost plus – award fee contracts. This project was of great importance because the FBI lacked the ability to know what it knew; there was no effective mechanism for capturing or sharing its institutional knowledge. This project was initially led by former IBM Executive Bob E. Dies. On 3th December 2003, SAIC delivered the VCF to FBI, only to have it declared dead on arrival. The major reasons for the failure of the VCF system can be summarized as: †¢ The project lacked clearly defined schedules and proper deadlines, there was no formal project schedules outlined for the project and poor communication between development teams that was dividing into eight te ams to speed up the project completion. †¢ The software engineering principle of reusing the existing components was ignored. SAIC was developing a E – mail like system even though FBI was already using an off – the – shelf software package. The deployment strategy followed in implementing the system was flash -cutover. It is a risky way a deploying a system as the system would be changed in a single shot. †¢ The project violated the first rule of software planning of keeping it simple. The requirement document was so exhaustive that rather of describing the function what it should perform it also stated how the functions should be implemented. †¢ Developers coded the module to make individuals features work but were not concerned about the integration of the whole system together. There was no coding standards followed and hence there was difficulty in the integration process. †¢ The design requirement were poorly designed and kept on constantly changing through the development phase. The high level documents including the system architecture and system requirements were neither complete nor consistent. †¢ Lack of plan to guide hardware purchases, network deployments, and software development. †¢ Appointment of person with no prior experience in management to manage a critical project such as this was grave mistake, appointment of Depew as VCF project manager. Project lacked transparency in the work within the SAIC and between SAIC and the FBI. †¢ Infrastructure including both the hardware and network was not in place to test thoroughly the developed virtual case file system by SAIC which was essentially needed for flash cut off deployment. †¢ The requirement and design documentation were incomplete, imprecise, requirement and design t racings have gaps and the maintenance of software was costlier. †¢ According to the report by Harry Goldstein, â€Å"there was 17 ‘functional deficiencies’ in the deployed Virtual Case File System†. It didn’t have the ability to search for individuals by specialty and job title. All these above factors contributed to the failure of the Virtual Case File System which wasted a lot of public tax payers’ money. AUTOMATIC BAGGAGE SYSTEM The automatic baggage system designed for the Denver International Airport is a classic example of a software failure system in the 1990’s. With a greater airport capacity, the city of Denver wanted to construct the state of art automatic baggage handling system. Covering a land area of 140 square kilometer the Denver airport has 88 airport gates with 3 concourses. The fully automated baggage system was unique in its complexity because of the massive size of the airport and its novel technology. The three other airports that have such systems are the San Francisco International Airport, International airport in Frankfurt and the Franz Joseph Strauss Airport in Munich. This project is far more complex than any other projects, because it has 12 times as many carts as in exiting comparable system . The contract for this automatic baggage system was given to BAE automated systems. In 1995 after many delays, the baggage system project was deployed, which was a major failure. The baggage carts derailed, luggage was torn and the system completely failed. But the system was redesigned with lesser complexity and opened 16 months later. GOALS OF THE PROJECT: The system calls for replacing the traditional slow conveyor belts with telecars that roll freely on underground tracks. It was designed to carry up to 70 bags per minute to and from baggage check-in and checkout at speed up to 24 miles/hour. This would allow the airlines to receive checked baggage at their aircraft within 20 minutes. The automatic baggage system was a critical because the aircraft turnaround time was to be reduced to as little as 30 minutes. The faster turnaround time meant more quickly the operations and it increases the productivity. The installers are quoted has having planned â€Å"a design that will allow baggage to be transported anywhere within the terminal within 10 minutes†. PROJECT SCOPE: The International airport at Denver three concourses and initially it aimed at automating all the three concourses. But later the concourse B was alone designed to be made automatic. The project was later redefined to handle only outbound baggage. It does not deal with the transfer of bags. STAKE HOLDERS: The major stake holders in the project can be identified as: †¢ The Denver International Airport Management. †¢ The BAE Automated Systems. †¢ The Airline Management. The project blastoff according to Robertson Robertson states that during this phase it has to identify all the stakeholders and ask their inputs for the requirements. In the ABS System the Airline Management was not made to involve in the blastoff meetings to provide their inputs and excluded from the discussions. As well as the risk should be analyzed properly during the blast off which was also a draw back in this system. This was a perfect example of failure to perform risk management. The cost estimation of the project was incorrect as it exceeded the estimated cost during the development. So, Aspects in which the project blastoffs were not addressed can be summarized as follows: †¢ The underestimation of complexity †¢ Poor stakeholder management †¢ Poor Design †¢ Failure to perform risk management There were only three â€Å"intense† working session to discuss the scope of the project and the agreement between the airport management and BAE automated systems. Although BAE automated systems had been working in the construction of the baggage system in concourse B for United Airlines, the three working session is not sufficient to collect all the requirements for the construction of the automate baggage systems. This shows clearly a poor software engineering principle because requirements are the key base factors for the project to be built upon. Reports indicate that the two year deadline for the construction of the automatic baggage system is inadequate. The reports that showed that project required more than two years are as follows: â€Å"The complexity was too high for the system to be built successfully† by The Baggage System at Denver: Prospects and Lesson – Dr. R. de Neufville Journal of Air Transport Management, Vol. 1,No. 4, Dec, pp. 229-236,1994 †¢ None of the bidders quoted to finish the project within two years. †¢ Experts from Munich airport advised that a much simpler system had taken two full years to complete and it was system tested thoroughly six months before the opening of the Munich airport. Despite all this information the decision to continue with a project was not based on the sound engineering principles. ABS REQUIREMENT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION The Automatic Baggage System constructed by the Airport Management was a decision taken two years before the opening of the new Denver International Airport. Initially the concourse B meant for United Airlines was supposed to be constructed by the BAE Automated Systems and all other airlines had to construct their own baggage handling mechanism. Later the responsibility was taken by the Denver Airport Management to construct the Automatic Baggage System. The integrated nature of the ABS system meant that airport looks after its own facility and has a central control. The BAE plan to construct for the concourse B was expanded to the other three concourses which was a major change in the strategy of the airport construction. Moreover the airport management believed that an automated baggage system would be more cost effective than manual system given the size of the massive airport. During the development phase the requirements kept on changing which added additional complexity to the project. Though in the contract there was learly statement no change in requirement would be accommodated, they accepted the changes to meet the stakeholder needs. For example the addition of the ski equipment racks and the addition of maintenance track to allow carts to be serviced without being removed from the rails and able to handle oversized baggage. The baggage system and the airport building shared physical space and services such as the electrica l supply. Hence the designers of the physical building and the designers of the baggage system needed to work as one integrated team with lot of interdependency. Since the construction of the airport was started initially the building designers made general allowances in the place where they thought the baggage system would come into place. Hence the designers of the automatic baggage system have to work with the constraints that have already been placed. For example sharp turns were supposed to be made due to the constraints placed and these were one of the major factors for the bags to be ejected from the carts. The design of the automatic baggage system â€Å"Systematic Biases and Culture in Project Failures†, a Project Management Journal is as follows. Luggage was to be first loaded onto the conveyor belts, much as it is in conventional baggage handling system. †¢ These conveyors would then deposit the luggage in the carts that were controlled by computers. †¢ The luggage would travel at 17 miles per hour to its destinations, as much as one mile away. †¢ The automatic baggage system would include around 4000 baggage carts travelling throughout the airport under the control of 100 computers with processing power up to 1400 bags per minute. However the design with the above architecture failed as it was not able to handle variable load. It was also suffering from various problems they are identified as: †¢ The software was sending carts out at the wrong times, causing jams and in many cases sending carts to the wrong locations. †¢ The baggage system continued to unload bags even though they were jammed on the conveyor belt. †¢ The fully automated system may never be able to deliver bags consistently within the times and at the capacity originally promised. †¢ In another case the bags from the aircraft can only be unloaded and loaded into the unloading conveyor belt is moving, this belt moves only when there are empty carts. Empty carts will only arrive after they have deposited previous loads; this is a cascade of queues. †¢ Achieving high reliability also depends on the mechanical and the computers that controlled the baggage carts’ reliability. †¢ Errors may occur during reading or transmitting information about the destinations. There may be various scenarios during which these errors can take place. Some of them are listed as below. 1. The baggage handler may place the bag on the conveyor with the label hidden. 2. The baggage may have two labels on it. one from the previous flight. 3. The labels may be mutilated or dirty. . The label may not lie in the direction of the view of the laser reader. 5. The laser may malfunction or the laser guns stop reading the labels. †¢ The reading of information is vital in the automatic baggage system since the whole system is dependent on the information transmitted from reading of the labels and this information must be transmitted by radio t o devices on each of the baggage carts. †¢ There is no available evidence of effective alternative testing of the capability of the system to provide reliable delivery to all destinations under variable patterns of load. This variable demand made in the system is famously called as the line balancing problem. That is, it is crucial to control the capacity of the system so that all lines of flow have balanced service. This problem can be avoided by eliminating situations where some lines get little or no service, to avoid the possibility that some connections simply do not function or in other words control the emptiness. This failure also was because the entire system was developed within a two year deadline and hence the automatic baggage system was not testing completely with variable loads. Lack of testing also is a major reason for this failure. These all are the major factors that led to the failure of the automatic baggage system in Denver international airport. Subsequently a much less complex system was design and implemented sixteen months later. This newly designed system had the following functionality as follows: †¢ Serve only one concourse, the concourse B for United Airlines. †¢ Operate on half the planned capacity on each track. †¢ Handle only outbound baggage at the start. †¢ Not deal with transfer bags. COMPARISON OF ABS, VCF and LAS PROJECTS All the management teams of the three projects wanted the software system to be built quickly without taking into consideration of the system requirement. †¢ Hence all the system had unrealistic deadline to be met. †¢ Because of these unrealistic deadlines the system didn’t follow proper software engineering standards and principles. †¢ In all the three projects during the pro ject blastoff phase the requirements gathering activity was not proper and incomplete, due to which the requirements kept on changing during the development phase. †¢ Lack of consultation with the stake holders and prospective users. All the three projects Software requirement specification was excessively prescriptive, incomplete and not formally signed off. †¢ All the three systems were not properly tested before deployment due to lack of time and tight schedules. The timeline was not reasonable for any of the projects. †¢ There was poor communication between the developers, customers and the clients in all the projects. †¢ The identification of the stake holders and collecting requirements from the stake holders and subject matter experts was not proper and incomplete. ASPECTS |ABS |VCF |LAS | |DEPLOYMENT STRATEGY |It was deployed in a single phase|Flash Cutover strategy was used in|Flash Cutover strategy was used | | |with a major failure of the |replacing th e ACS System |in replacing the existing System | | |system | | | |PROJECT SCHEDULE/DEADLINE |Had a very tight schedule of two |Over ambitious schedule |Had a very tight deadline, two | | |years to implement | |years(1990 – 1992) | |PROJECT PLANNING |Poor Planning, The system was |Poor Planning and constantly |Good Engineering practice were | | |decided to be developed two years|changing milestones |Ignored | | |before the completion of the | | | | |airport | | | |SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION |Kept on changing to meet the |Slowly changing design |On the fly code changes and | | |needs of the stake holders |requirements |requirement changes | |PROJECT BLASTOFF |There was only three intense |The project blastoff phase didn’t |It left out the view of the | | |session to collect the |collect all the requirements |customers and subject matter | | |requirements which is inadequate |properly |experts | |REUSABLITY |This system didn’t have any back |They already ha d e-mail like |The existing communication | | |up system to reuse |system which could have been |devises in the ambulance system | | | |reused but new mail system was | | | | |written | | |CODING/TESTING |The system was not tested with |The software system followed the |Backup dispatch system not tested| | |variable load |spiral developmental model and not|and the overall software not | | | |tested as a whole |system tested | |SYSTEM DESIGN |The system design was too complex|The system was not base lined and |The System design was incomplete | | | |kept on changing | | |BUGS |System was unable to detect bugs |59 issues and sub issues were |81 Know Bugs in the Deployed | | | |identified |System | |ASSUMPTIONS/ |It was dependent on computers |No major assumptions were made in |Perfect location information and | |DEPENDENCY |that controlled the baggage cars |this project |dependent on the MDT | | | | |communications | PERSONAL REFLECTION: †¢ After reading all the three projects I now understand that development of software not necessary has to be coding the software properly but there are various aspects apart from coding like requirement gathering, risk analysis, testing. †¢ The requirements gather should plays a vital role in software development and it has to be properly made in consultation with all the stakeholders, customers of the software. †¢ Understanding the complexity of the software being developed. †¢ Proper planning and schedule of events for the development activities. Deadlines for the software development should be realistic and achievable †¢ Use of any of the software engineering models for the development like waterfall model, Bohms’ spiral model, incremental work flow model or agile software development. †¢ Last but not the least the software developed should be thoroughly tested for finding out flaws in the development and fixing them. REFERENCES: 1. H. Goldstein. Who Killed the Virtual Case File? IEEE Spe ctrum, Sept. 2005, pp. 24–35. 2. Statement of Glenn A. Fine, Inspector General, US Dept. of Justice, 27 July 2005. 3. A. Finkelstein and J. Dowell. A Comedy of Errors: the London Ambulance Service Case Study. Proc. 8th Int. Workshop on Software Specification and Design (IWSSD96), pp. 2–4, Velen, Germany, 1996. 4. Report of the Inquiry into the London Ambulance Service (February 1993), International Workshop on Software Specification and Design Case Study. Electronic Version Prepared by A. Finkelstein, with kind permission from the Communications Directorate, South West Thames Regional Health Authority. 5. Richard de Neufville. â€Å"The Baggage System at Denver: Prospects and Lessons,† Journal of Air Transport Management, Vol. 1, No. 4, Dec. 1994, pp. 229–236. 6. Barry Shore. â€Å"Systematic Biases and Culture in Project Failures,† Project Management Journal, Vol. 39, No. 4, 2008, pp. 5–16. How to cite Software Engineering, Essay examples

What should be done to preserve Social Security for the future Essay Example

What should be done to preserve Social Security for the future? Essay Social security is the providence of economic aide to the deserving people of the society e.g. the old, poor and unemployed (due to disability or old age), and even in some cases the dependant children in a family. â€Å"Social security primarily refers to social welfare service concerned with social protection, or protection against socially recognized conditions.† (Social Security Wikipedia) In some countries government sponsored social security schemes are mandatory and â€Å"pensions† are provided to all the unemployed or retired old people in the country. It is sometimes deducted as a part of tax from the incomes of people and then paid as pension upon retirement. Pensions or other social security schemes may range from a mere financial help to the providence of homes, old age services and free medical care depending on the country and the policies in consideration. â€Å"Public retirement programs are important both to individuals and to national economies. They are the principal source of income of the aged in most industrialized countries [†¦]† (Rosa and Catellino p.2) However, in most recent times the graying populations in various countries seem to pose myriad problems for their respective governments. The crisis faced is providing extensive social security services which have evolved over the years to a huge population of old people on the expense of the taxes of the employed younger generation. This issue has threatened the social security system of many nations and various proposals regarding the preservation of social security are now under consideration. We will write a custom essay sample on What should be done to preserve Social Security for the future? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What should be done to preserve Social Security for the future? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What should be done to preserve Social Security for the future? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Different ways of preserving Social Security in the future At present many government sponsored social security schemes are funded by the â€Å"pay as you earn† policy and hence the amount paid by the individual himself/herself is used to provide social security services upon retirement. However, the inclusions of whole families in social security programs, especially those sponsored by the government have caused complications. Government has at times no choice but to use the social security funds on alternative issues other than the providence of social security. According to analysts, â€Å"the government used payroll tax surpluses to avoid making tough choices in addressing deficits in rest of the budget.† (Penny â€Å"Best way to save social security†) This can cause difficulties in continuing the social security system in the future. Since social security is the basic earning of the old. Disabled and many unemployed women, its continuance holds immense significance for the citizens of a country. Quite a few ways of preserving social security have been proposed and their pros and cons have been discussed by economists and concerned officials in various countries. Some of these possibilities of saving social security are being discussed here. Privatization of Social Security Privatizing social security involves the transition from an unfunded pay-as-you-earn system to the development of a mandatory system of privatized saving accounts. It is expected that this would not only improve the overall returns to the owners of these accounts as compared to the conventional system but also help to boost the economy. As it is becoming increasingly difficult to maintain a social security-keeping in view the phenomenon of graying populations- privatizing social security will open doors to better opportunities for both the consumers or social security receivers and the government by removing much of its economic burden. Privatization of social security system is being considered seriously for implementation by many countries around the globe including the United States. The main reason for considering this step is the successful outcome of privatizing social security in Chile. â€Å"Chile’s privatization coincided with spectacular takeoff of its economy and has led some observers to suggest that privatizing social security was the key to Chile’s economic growth.† (Feldstein p.265) The benefits of privatizing social security can be fully understood by understanding how the social security system lays a heavy burden on the governments economy since it not only depends on the taxes paid by the current generation but also by the future generation. Social security is actually dependant on the taxes paid by the future generations for the current generation because the taxes paid by the current generation are not saved in fixed accounts for their own use (as discussed above) but used by the government according to the demand of the situations hence the system is subject to changes in case conditions in future alter drastically. This system is depends not only on future tax payroll revenues but also labor market distortions. In addition, the current system does not invest the taxes or funds collected in investment plans but merely pay them out on regular basis. Privatization will not only help reduce the taxes but also make available the possibility of investing the individual funds for social security overall improving the output received by the people and improving the condition of the economy. â€Å"Social Security drains capital from the poorest areas of the country, leaving less money available for new investment and job creation. Privatization would increase national savings and provide a new pool of capital for investment that would be particularly beneficial to the poor.† (Tanner â€Å"Big boost for the poor†) Safe deposit or lock box deposit Safe deposit or â€Å"lock box deposit† is another way of saving the social security funds from being spent on other issues. The lock box deposit is being considered mainly in the USA and in a few other countries. In this proposed method of preserving the social security for the future, the social security funds would be kept completely separate from other funds and the expenditure of the social security funds on other issues will be prevented. Instead the government would be able to invest these funds in the stock market, hence being able to receive profit on these funds. This will not only secure the retirement pension plans but also help in ameliorating the economic conditions. In this way, the social security will not be privatized, stay in governmental control and both the people and the government will be benefited. Saving the surplus in this method would help pay national economic debt and enable the economy to set on a new path of progress. However, it is very difficult to ensure that the government policy makers would not be inclined towards using these funds on alternative issues depending on the situations which confront them. â€Å"Its very hard for government to prevent the spending of Social Security money because its the government itself that wants to do the spending.† (Penny â€Å"Best way of saving social security†) Increasing taxes Many governments facing the problems of retirement pension plans have proposed increasing taxes. An increase in the tax payrolls may seem to be a temporary solution to the long term social security problem. â€Å"There are, however, good reasons not to close the Social Security shortfall through an immediate increase in the payroll tax. Because of growing wage inequality, the real wages of most of the workforce have actually declined over the last two decades. Workers who have been experiencing declining before-tax wages are ill-situated to cope with a new tax increase.† (Baker â€Å"Saving Social Security in Three Steps†) Increasing the taxes would not only put burden on the current employed people but also provide only a very short lived solution. In the long run a further increase in the taxes would be required and hence the raising taxes alone would not be a suitable or feasible situation. Personal Saving Accounts If the people are given more control over their own funds then these funds could be protected from being spent by the government on alternatives. In order to give this control to the people, maintenance of personal accounts under government supervision seems a feasible option. According to this scheme people’s funds which would in future be used for the purpose of providing retirement pensions and other social welfare benefits, would be deposited in separate or individual accounts. â€Å"Assets set aside to fund future obligations are most likely to be insulated by a system in which ownership and control rest with individuals.† (Penny â€Å"Best Way to Save Social Security†) The funds in these personal accounts could be used in investments according to the desires and demands of the individual. This would transfer greater control to the individual and secure a source for diverse situations. â€Å"A system of personal retirement accountsprivately managed, owned by workers, and fully funded with a portion of their payroll taxeswould have other benefits as well. For example, such a system would create a direct link between the taxes workers pay and the benefits they can expect to receive, that link being the market rate of interest.† (Weaver â€Å"Personal Security Accounts†) This would be a very beneficial solution. People would have a clear picture of what they will get in the future when they retire. The government’s problem of trying to keep the retirement funds and other national funds would be solved and un necessary increase in tax could be prevented. Conclusion Social Security or more specifically speaking retirement pension plans are very important for those who are solely depending on these funds in the absence of an employment. A person may utilize these funds upon retirement in old age or if unable to pursue a job in case of a disability. Hence social security holds immense importance since it is the main source of sustenance for the old and the disabled. It is the duty of the government to provide social security.   When it claims taxes from its people, it is also responsible for providing retirement pension and social welfare system for the citizens. Since in recent times economic problems are rising combined with the problem of graying population, more old people have to be provided with social security at present as compared to the past. Therefore, effective steps have to be taken to ensure that social security system continues in the future as well. Privatization, setting up of personal security accounts or setting aside the taxes and investing them in the stock market are all various options which different governments can adopt according to the situations prevalent in their countries. No matter which option may be chosen from these possible solutions or others which may be proposed in the future, the most important aspect is to continue the system of social security without putting an extra burden on a country’s economy. This is very well possible if a systematic approach is adopted. Social security is a right of the citizens of a country especially when they have honestly paid their taxes. Hence the governments shoul d take every possible measure to ensure that their future is secured.